No. There is no known physical phenomenon which would allow a planet, by itself, to suddenly explode, or shatter through some internal mechanism. Some low grade science fiction stories may have used this to generate some storyline, but the truth of the matter is that no chemical or nuclear process ( fission of uranium etc but NOT fusion) can produce enough energy to disassemble the Earth against its own gravitational binding energy.
Planets can, however, fall victim to external factors that can be cataclysmic. Collisions between planets, or other large bodies, especially during the early history of the solar system, could have shattered and re-assembled the proto-Earth several times. A planet can also be evaporated by its star if the star evolves into a red giant and the planet is too close. This will likely happen to Mercury and Venus in another 5 billion years, and may actually be occurring on the planet now believed to be orbiting the star 51 Pegasi.