Escape velocity depends on BOTH mass and distance:
1/2
V = ( 2 G M/ R)
If the mass of the Earth were shrunk to a ball 1 centimeter across, we would
still have an escape velocity from it of 11 kilometers/sec at the distance
we are from the center of the Earth right now of 6000 kilometers.
If we were to travel to within
60 kilometers of this micro-earth, from the above equation you can see that
the escape velocity would climb to 11 x ( 6000/60)^1/2 = 110 kilometers/sec.
Black holes 'work', because you eventually can get so close to their concentrated mass that the escape velocity becomes the speed of light.