I do not know of any, although a determined individual could probably put a course together. You need a sound background in modern physics which will leave you capable of critical mathematical analysis of the basic physical phenomena in classical and quantum mechanics and relativity. A good undergraduate program does this. You will have to obtain the necessary textbooks and sit down and 'do' the problems yourself....without looking at the back of the book for the answers! Once you have mastered the requisite physics and mathematics, you can then look at astrophysics to see how various physical systems work according to the principles you have learned in physics.
I cannot recommend specific books to read, because some may not be suitable for self-study without help from an instructor. An undergraduate program usually takes 4 years to do this, plus a year or two in graduate school to do the astrophysics. Your program may be substantially longer depending on how deeply you want to master the issues. To maximize your enjoyment, I would select certain topics in astronomy you are especially interested in, have a look at the technical articles on these topics in the scientific journals, and then see what specialized physics and math you need to understand the issues being raised.